Which one of the following statements about Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is false?
Which one of the following statements about macrolide resistant mycoplasma pneumoniae in children is false?
A removable boot without scheduled physician follow-up is noninferior to circumferential casting in children with toddler’s fracture at 4 weeks post injury with respect to pain scores.
Among children with gastroenteritis-associated vomiting, the provision of ondansetron after an emergency department visit leads to lower risk of moderate-to-severe gastroenteritis during the subsequent 7 days.
Group B Streptococcus disease in infancy is associated with an increased risk of neurodevelopmental impairments by five years of age.
High and increasing addictive screen use trajectories in early adolescence are associated with suicidal behaviours.
A two-year-old child is brought to your office by their parents because of symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection for the past 4 days. They are concerned that their child may have an ear infection. (Acute otitis media).
Which one of the following statements about accidental cannabis ingestion in young children is false?
Which one of the following statements regarding very preterm neonates (born at 28 weeks 0 days to 31 weeks 6 days gestation) who receive two hours of mother-neonate skin to skin contact in the delivery room compared to standard care in the incubator is false?
The risk of perinatal HIV transmission from breast- or chestfeeding is very low when a parent with HIV is on antiretroviral therapy and virally suppressed.
In infants with suspected reflux disease, which one of the following statements is false?
Which one of the following statements regarding the treatment of childhood obesity is false?
A clicking sound on physical examination is associated with an increased likelihood of a dislocated hip in infants.
In pediatric patients, receiving pre-emptive preprocedural oxygenation or procedural oxygenation is associated with having a lower risk of airway, breathing and circulation interventions during sedation compared with patients not receiving procedural oxygenation.
Which one of the following statements regarding administering nirsevimab to infants to prevent respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is false?
For children with sinusitis who are treated with antibiotics, amoxicillin-clavulanate is superior to amoxicillin.
Procalcitonin testing is currently the best diagnostic test available to help guide management in febrile young infants.
Which one of the following statements about the pharmacological treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease in infants and children is false?
Which one of the following statements about the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease in infants is false?
Which one of the following symptoms is an alarm symptom of gastroesophageal disease in infants which requires further attention?
Which one of the following statements about children aged 5–16 years with suspected non-perforated appendicitis treated with antibiotics rather than early appendectomy is false?
A 30-year-old mother is at your office today because she suspects her 4 year-old daughter has food allergies. Her daughter experiences wheezing, diarrhea, and hives when she eats shellfish.
Which one of the following statements about CT imaging in abdominal trauma and the Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network (PECARN) intra-abdominal injury prediction rule is true?
Experienced health care practitioners demonstrate high accuracy in diagnosing pediatric elbow fractures on x-ray.
The repeated use of cold-water immersion throughout a training week significantly impacted functional and swim performance outcomes of competitive adolescent swimmers.
Which one of the following statements about respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections in children is false?
Which one of the following statements about iron deficiency anemia (IDA) in toddlers false?
Background TV exposure is correlated with improved early acquisition of language skills in toddlers.
A 5-day treatment of acute febrile UTIs in children with oral amoxicillin-clavulanic acid was non-inferior to a 10-day treatment.
The incidence of autism spectrum disorder is increased by prenatal exposure to topiramate.
For negative rapid antigen detection tests for group A Streptococcus (GAS) pharyngitis in children, a confirmatory throat culture should be performed to ensure that GAS was not missed.
In persons as young as 1 year of age with multiple food allergies, omalizumab treatment for 16 weeks was superior to placebo in increasing the reaction threshold for peanut and other common food allergens.
Important postoperative complications occurred more frequently among adolescents with Cannabis Use Disorder (CUD) compared with those without CUD.
In infants with ankyloglossia, lingual frenotomy for optimizing later articulation is supported by current evidence.
A 14-year-old male who plays competitive baseball is at your office today because he is experiencing progressively worsening, diffuse, proximal shoulder pain with throwing that resolves with rest. He is one of the star pitchers on his team; however, he is reporting a decrease in his pitching velocity and accuracy. When you examine him, you notice that he has tenderness to palpation over the lateral aspect of the proximal humerus and deficits in shoulder flexion, external rotation, and internal rotation due to pain.
In children with mild sleep-disordered breathing (habitual snoring), adenotonsillectomy, compared with watchful waiting, significantly improves executive function and attention at 12 months.
Acetaminophen use during pregnancy is associated with children’s risk of autism in sibling control analyses.
If respiratory symptoms or a known respiratory tract infection are present in a febrile infant younger than 2 months of age, a urinalysis is a necessary part of the workup.
Pneumococcal conjugate vaccination is associated with lower rates of viral respiratory tract infections in children.
A 16-year-old female presents with symptoms of fatigue, polydipsia and polyuria. She has a body mass index of 36. You suspect she may have adolescent type 2 diabetes.
Which one of the following statements about wheezy toddlers is false?
Which one of the following statements about vitamin K prophylaxis in newborns is false?
Which one of the following statements about short stature presenting in adolescence is false?
Which one of the following statements about pulse oximetry screening in newborns is false?
Which one of the following statements about evaluating testicular status in infants and children is false?
Hyperpronation is more effective than supination-flexion maneuver for reduction of nursemaid’s elbow in children.
A 30-minute exposure to outdoor cold air (<10°C), as an adjunct to oral dexamethasone, is beneficial for reducing the intensity of clinical symptoms in children with croup.
Early childhood (before 8 years of age) exposure to doxycycline is associated with dental staining.
An adolescent is more likely to use cannabis when a sibling uses
At short term follow up (up to 6 months) which one of the following statements is false about pharmacological interventions for symptoms of irritability, aggression and self injury in autistic persons?
Which one of the following statements about children with COVID-19 and multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS-C) is false?
A 12-year-old boy arrives at midnight at the emergency room with acute testicular pain. You suspect testicular torsion.
There is compelling evidence to support the hypothesis that the omicron variant causes laryngotracheobronchitis.
Which one of the following statements about acute otitis media in children is false?
Which one of the following umbilical cord clamping strategies for preterm births has the greatest effect in reducing infant death?
For infants at high risk of developing food allergies whose mothers cannot or choose not to breastfeed, hydrolyzed formulas are recommended to prevent food allergies.
Which one of the following statements about irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) in children is false?
Which one of the following statements about button battery ingestion in children is false?
Which one of the following statements about diagnosis and treatment of bronchiolitis in infants is true?
Which one of the following statements about the management of supraventricular tachycardia in children is false?
About one-third of children who receive a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) between 12-36 months of age no longer meet the diagnostic criteria for ASD at 5-7 years of age.
Which one of the following statements about management of pediatric appendicitis is false?
Stimulant treatment for children with ADHD is associated with an increased risk of subsequent substance use.
The risk of syncope is higher in adolescents than in adults following COVID-19 vaccination.
Topical skin adhesives for superficial laceration repair in children have a similar cosmetic outcome to sutures, adhesive tape and staples.
A five-day course of high-dose amoxicillin for community acquired pneumonia in children was associated with non-inferior rates of clinical cure compared with 10 days of high-dose amoxicillin.
Among children 6 to 35 months of age with recurrent acute otitis media, the rate of episodes of acute otitis media during a 2-year period was significantly lower with tympanostomy-tube placement than with medical management.
In children diagnosed with radial head subluxation, missed upper extremity fractures are rare.
Which one of the following statements about Pediatric Inflammatory Multisystem Syndrome temporally associated with COVID-19 is false?
Children aged less than three years presenting with rib fractures require specific evaluation for child abuse.
A nine-year-old boy in grade two is brought to your office by his father for assessment because of disruptive behaviour at school and at home. He is hyperactive and restless. He has difficulty paying attention and is academically delayed as a result. He can be aggressive and has few friends. His father had similar issues in school and did not finish high school. He was diagnosed with attention deficit disorder as an adult. He is wondering if his son might have the same diagnosis.
Which one of the following statements about indications for tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy is false?
Which one of the following statements about five-day vs ten-day (standard) antibiotic therapy strategies for community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in children is false?
Which one of the following statements about epistaxis in children is false?
Ginger is an effective antiemetic in children with acute gastroenteritis.
Which one of the following statements is false?
There is compelling evidence to support the hypothesis that the omicron variant causes laryngotracheobronchitis.
Which one of the following statements about hepatitis B in children is false?
Calprotectin testing of children with suspected inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in primary care accurately distinguishes IBD from a functional gut disorder.
In healthy preterm infants, a single injection of nirsevimab results in fewer medically attended RSV-associated lower respiratory tract infections throughout the respiratory syncytial virus season.
Which one of the following statements about SARS-CoV-2 among children is false?
Which one of the following neurodevelopmental disorders is associated with a statistically significant increase when cannabis is used during pregnancy?
Parents bring their 16-day old infant to your emergency room, stating the child has had a fever of 39C rectally. The child appears well. You wish to use the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) guidelines to tailor your approach.
Which one of the following statements about osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is false?
The daily use of emollient therapy by high risk children during the first year of life decreases the risk of developing eczema.
The daily use of emollient therapy by high risk children during the first year of life decreases the risk of developing eczema.
Intrapartum group B Streptococcus (GBS) antibiotic prophylaxis is associated with an increased risk of childhood asthma.
Which one of the following statements about Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in pregnancy is false?
Which one of the following statements about multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children is false?
Advising patients under 25 years of age diagnosed with a concussion to abstain from screen time for 48 hours after injury may shorten the duration of concussion symptoms.
In adolescents with obesity, the use of liraglutide plus lifestyle therapy leads to a significantly greater reduction in the body-mass index standard deviation score than lifestyle therapy alone.
Which one of the following statements about children with COVID-19 and multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS-C) is false?
Case 1 A 29-year-old primigravid African American female delivers a healthy-appearing term male in hospital. She does not have any significant past medical history but did not have any prenatal care.
Which one of the following statements about immobilization of torus fractures of the wrist in children is true?
There is no evidence of an association between pre-incision prophylactic antibiotic use and risk of asthma in early childhood in children born by caesarean section.
The Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network clinical decision rule helps identify children younger than two years of age at high risk of intracranial injury, in need of a CT scan.
In children with laboratory-confirmed influenza and high-risk medical conditions not admitted to the ICU, antiviral therapy was associated with significantly shorter hospitalizations if started In the first 2 days from symptom onset.
Lower butyrylcholinesterase-specific activity levels on postnatal day 2-3 are associated with Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS).
Childhood cardiovascular risk factors are associated with cardiovascular events in midlife.
Which one of the following statements about the treatment of constipation in children is false?
Which one of the following statements about constipation in children is false?
Vaccination with the Pfizer vaccine in children 5 to 11 years of age provides moderate protection against symptomatic Covid-19, since the omicron variant became dominant.
Maternal vaccination with two doses of mRNA vaccine against Covid-19 is associated with a reduced risk of hospitalization among infants younger than 6 months of age.
In families at high risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus, which one of the following statements is false?
A mother brings her 9-year-old child to you. He has started to wet the bed at night. The mother is concerned and asking for help with this problem.
Following acute concussion in youth aged 8-18, an early return to school may be associated with a lower symptom burden and, ultimately, faster recovery.
Which one of the following statements about thrombocytopenia in pregnancy is false?
Which one of the following statements about ear-piercing complications in children and adolescents is false?
Harms and benefits are evenly balanced for antibiotic treatment of a child with acute otitis media.
Among adolescents with obesity, once-weekly treatment with a 2.4-mg dose of semaglutide plus lifestyle intervention resulted in a greater reduction in BMI than lifestyle intervention alone.
Youth questioning their sexual orientation have twice the risk of having attempted suicide in their lifetime.
In a pediatric patient with a mild to moderate exacerbation of asthma presenting to the emergency department, a single dose of dexamethasone is not inferior to two doses of dexamethasone.
A 30-year-old mother is at your office today because she suspects her 4 year-old daughter has food allergies. Her daughter experiences wheezing, diarrhea, and hives when she eats shellfish.
Which one of the following statements about toxicity associated with the recreational use of nitrous oxide is false?
Infants exposed to one course of antenatal corticosteroids have an increased risk of serious infection during the first 12 months of life.
In children and adolescents with a distal forearm injury without clinically visible deformity, the use of ultrasonography as the initial diagnostic imaging method is inferior to radiography with regard to the outcome of physical function of the arm at 4 weeks.
Greater screen time for children aged 1 year is associated with developmental delays in communication at ages 2 and 4 years.
Peanut oral immunotherapy should be considered a treatment option for infants age less than 12 months with peanut allergies.
Which one of the following statements is false regarding medical child abuse, via falsification by the caretaker?
For nonsevere community acquired pneumonia in children aged 2-59 months, a 3 to 5 day duration of antibiotics is noninferior to a longer treatment course.
Among healthy children born at term, not being infected with RSV in the first year of life was associated with a substantially reduced risk of developing childhood asthma.
Which one of the following statements about neonatal seizures is false?
The duration of symptoms for children with an acute respiratory tract infection caused by a respiratory virus is rarely greater than two weeks.
Bougie use during emergency tracheal intubation in children is associated with procedural success.
In children presenting to the emergency room, if hyperkalemia is found on a hemolyzed specimen, the blood sample should routinely be repeated.