Women’s Health

List all Categories



Mammography and Breast Cancer Incidence and Mortality

Which one of the following statements about first mammography screening participation and breast cancer outcomes is false?

  • The 25-year cumulative incidences of breast cancer did not differ significantly between first screening participants and non-participants.
  • First screening non-participants were less likely to present with symptom detected cancers after missed screening.
  • Nonparticipation in the first screening was associated with higher odds of invasiveness.
  • The 25-year cumulative incidence of breast cancer mortality was significantly higher among first screening non-participants than among participants.
Volume 41.4 - Question 3

Management of Positive HCG in Non-Pregnant Patients

Regarding elevated human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in non-pregnant patients without gynecologic malignancy, which one of the following statements is false?

  • Patients who have frequent contact with goats, rabbits, and mice may have elevated hCG due to heterophile antibodies.
  • Stable low hCG levels in postmenopausal patients is an ominous finding and requires workup.
  • Familial hCG syndrome is a rare genetic defect which can lead to elevated hCG levels in male or female patients.
  • hCG has been used by athletes exogenously to stimulate weight loss.
Volume 41.4 - Question 2

Online Abortion Access Information

Which one of the following statements regarding online information about abortion providers in Canada is false?

  • More than half of providers have an identifiable website.
  • All providers with websites mention abortion.
  • Most websites do not have information regarding parental or age of consent.
  • Of those websites that mention consent, the majority state that no parental consent is required.
Volume 41.3 - Question 13

Pain Management in IUD Insertion

Misoprostol use during intrauterine device insertion is associated with increased pain.

  • True
  • False
Volume 41.3 - Question 11

Treatment of Endometriosis

Which one of the following statements regarding the treatment of endometriosis is false?

  • Empirical hormonal treatment offers comparable overall efficacy to surgical removal of lesions.
  • Continuous use of combined oral contraceptives is recommended rather than cyclic use.
  • There is insufficient evidence that NSAIDs reduce pain in endometriosis.
  • Less than 10% of patients who undergo hysterectomy for endometriosis experience recurrent pelvic pain.
Volume 41.2 - Question 14

Endometriosis

Which one of the following statements regarding endometriosis is false?

  • Nulliparity is a risk factor for developing endometriosis.
  • Endometriosis symptoms typically improve after menopause.
  • Patients with endometriosis are more likely than women without endometriosis to report fatigue in the absence of anemia.
  • Transvaginal ultrasound has low sensitivity for diagnosing ovarian endometriomas.
Volume 41.2 - Question 13

Adverse Pregnancy Outcome and Risk of Stroke

Women who have an adverse pregnancy outcome (preterm delivery, small for gestational age, preeclampsia, other hypertensive disorders, and gestational diabetes) need early prevention and long-term clinical care to reduce their lifelong risk of stroke.

  • True
  • False
Volume 41.2 - Question 12

Elinzanetant for Vasomotor Symptoms in Breast Cancer

Elinzanetant treatment significantly lowers the frequency of vasomotor symptoms associated with endocrine therapy for breast cancer than placebo.

  • True
  • False
Volume 41.1 - Question 13

Breast and Chestfeeding in Virally Suppressed HIV

The risk of perinatal HIV transmission from breast- or chestfeeding is very low when a parent with HIV is on antiretroviral therapy and virally suppressed.

  • True
  • False
Volume 40.5 - Question 14

Obesity and Emergency Contraception

Ulipristal acetate 30mg is effective emergency contraception in women with BMI greater than 30 and weight greater than 80 kg.

  • True
  • False
Volume 40.5 - Question 6

Recurrent Bacterial Vaginosis

The use of oral and topical antimicrobial therapy for male partners, when their female partner is treated for bacterial vaginosis, results in a significantly lower recurrence rate of bacterial vaginosis over a period of 12 weeks than the recommended practice of treating women only.

  • True
  • False
Volume 40.5 - Question 1

Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause

Which one of the following statements about genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM) is false?

  • It can be confused with UTIs.
  • Measuring vaginal pH is required for diagnosis.
  • In those with recurrent UTIs, vaginal estrogen can serve as appropriate prophylaxis.
  • Physical examination of the vulva should be performed in the context of dysuria to rule out exacerbating conditions.
Volume 40.4 - Question 27

Diagnosis of Perimenopause

An elevated follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) level is required in order to make the diagnosis of perimenopause.

  • True
  • False
Volume 40.4 - Question 12

Fezolinetant

In individuals aged 40-65 years with moderate-to-severe vasomotor symptoms associated with menopause, treatment with fezolinetant results in each of the following except:

  • Reduced frequency of vasomotor symptoms
  • Reduced severity of vasomotor symptoms
  • Reduced sleep disturbance
  • Significantly increased side effects
Volume 40.3 - Question 15

Endometrial Thickening

Postmenopausal women without bleeding or risk factors do not require further investigations if they are found to have endometrial thickness < 11 mm on ultrasound.

  • True
  • False
Volume 40.3 - Question 14

Mastitis

A 33-year-old mother has an erythematous, focally tender, and indurated segment in her left breast. She is breastfeeding her newborn infant and is also experiencing fatigue, fever, body aches, and headache. You suspect that she has lactational mastitis.
Volume 40.21 - Question 14

Recurrent Bacterial Vaginosis

A 30-year-old female patient presents to your office with complaints that “I have BV again.” She is requesting treatment for bacterial vaginosis (BV) and expresses her frustration at how frequently this occurs. She would like to know if there is anything that could be done to prevent infection. 
Volume 40.21 - Question 10

Mastitis

A 33-year-old mother has an erythematous, focally tender, and indurated segment in her left breast. She is breastfeeding her newborn infant and is also experiencing fatigue, fever, body aches, and headache. You suspect that she has lactational mastitis.
Volume 40.2 - Question 38

Metformin Use in First Trimester

For type 2 diabetic women on metformin prior to pregnancy, continuing metformin and adding insulin does not increase risk of congenital malformations.

  • True
  • False
Volume 40.2 - Question 8

Prenatal Cannabis Use and Maternal Pregnancy Outcomes

Prenatal cannabis use is associated with a greater risk of all the following except:

  • Excessive gestational weight gain
  • Gestational diabetes
  • Preeclampsia
  • Placental abruption
Volume 40.2 - Question 7

Methotrexate and Knee OA Therapeutics

Oral methotrexate added to usual care significantly reduces knee osteoarthritis pain and function at 6 months.

  • True
  • False
Volume 40.1 - Question 26

Sexual Dysfunction in Women

Which one of the following statements about sexual dysfunction in women is false?

  • It has an overall effect on quality of life that is similar in magnitude to that associated with chronic back pain.
  • Use of combined oral contraceptives may cause low sexual desire.
  • Measurement of testosterone offers no diagnostic usefulness.
  • There is evidence of benefit of phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors in healthy women with arousal dysfunction.
Volume 40.1 - Question 15

Listeriosis in Pregnancy

Which one of the following statements about Listeriosis in pregnancy is false?

  • Invasive listeriosis (bacteremia or meningitis) in pregnancy leads to major fetal consequences, including fetal loss.
  • Most exposures in pregnancy to listeriosis result in symptoms.
  • Investigations or treatment are not indicated in asymptomatic patients who have ingested possibly contaminated foods.
  • In febrile patients with possible exposure to L. monocytogenes, blood cultures should be immediately drawn and high-dose ampicillin initiated.
Volume 40.1 - Question 13

Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infections

For uncomplicated urinary tract infections (UTIs) in cognitively intact, nonpregnant women, the patient’s perception that they have a UTI warrants treatment with antibiotics.

  • True
  • False
Volume 39.6 - Question 19

Progesterone and Intracranial Meningioma

The prolonged use of injectable medroxyprogesterone acetate is associated with an increase in the risk of intracranial meningioma.

  • True
  • False
Volume 39.6 - Question 18

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease and Ovarian Cancer

There is a dose-response relationship between the number of pelvic inflammatory disease episodes and the risk of epithelial ovarian cancer.  

  • True
  • False
Volume 39.5 - Question 12

Contraceptive Implant and Amenorrhea

In women between ages 12-22 who use the etonogestrel contraceptive implant, obesity is associated with amenorrhea at 12 months after placement.

  • True
  • False
Volume 39.5 - Question 11

Semaglutide Treatment

Semaglutide treatment is associated with the normalization of menstrual cycles in polycystic ovary syndrome patients. 

  • True
  • False
Volume 39.4 - Question 13

Peri-Partum Depression

Your next patient is a 26-year-old female patient. She gave birth to a healthy baby 4 months ago. She has an older 4-year-old son. The patient says that, for the past two months, she has been feeling sad, cries daily, has no energy and feels inadequate as a mother. She feels guilty that she is not as present for her older child and not as invested as her friends with their newborn children.
Volume 39.3 - Question 42

Sexuality in Menopause

For postmenopausal women who are distressed by decreased sexual desire, which of the following is not recommended for the treatment of arousal disorders?

  • Sexual counselling
  • SSRIs
  • Transdermal testosterone
  • Flibanserin
Volume 37.3 - Question 39

Adenomyosis

Which one of the following statements about adenomyosis is false?

  • Up to one-third of patients can be asymptomatic.
  • Less common symptoms include dyspareunia and chronic pelvic pain.
  • Dysmenorrhea occurs in most patients.
  • Diagnosis is based on clinical suspicion as well as imaging.
Volume 37.3 - Question 8

Endometriosis

Which one of the following statements about endometriosis is false?

  • It affects 30-40% of women with infertility.
  • Risk factors include high body mass index.
  • Hormonal therapies have a comparable efficacy of 60-80%.
  • Surgery for pain symptoms is associated with a 40-50% recurrence rate at 5 years.
Volume 39.3 - Question 8

Breast Density

Which one of the following statements about breast density is false?

  • Breast density can be determined by physical examination.
  • Extremely dense breasts confer a risk of breast cancer that is greater than that of having a first-degree relative with breast cancer.
  • Sensitivity of mammogram screening is only 50% for those with the most severe category of breast density.
  • Supplementing mammogram screening with ultrasound screening can improve breast cancer detection in women with dense breasts.
Volume 39.3 - Question 7

Induced Abortion and Rh Sensitization

Rh testing and provision of Rh immune globulin should be provided for induced abortion care at less than 12 weeks’ gestation.

  • True
  • False
Volume 39.3 - Question 3

Dyspareunia

A 49-year-old woman comes to see you concerning dyspareunia.  
Volume 36.6 - Question 42

Endometriosis

A 28 year-old female presents to your office with complaints of pelvic pain. She is a G1P1 who had onset of menarche at 10 years old. She is sexually active, with regular menstrual cycles.  
Volume 36.6 - Question 40

SAMP Hidradenitis Suppurativa

A 35-year-old female in your practice comes to see you for her routine pap test. While discussing her menstrual cycle she tells you with some embarrassment that she occasionally experiences painful lumps in the groin area that seem worse just before her period. This has been going on for a few years and seems worse since she had children as she wasn’t able to lose the baby weight. She is a smoker with a BMI of 30. You suspect hidradenitis suppurativa. 
Volume 36.4 - Question 47

Hypertension

For those with office systolic blood pressures of 130-139mm Hg and diastolic blood pressures of 85-89mm Hg, more than half will develop hypertension within four years.  

  • True
  • False
Volume 36.4 - Question 28

Postpartum Depression

Which one of the following alternative therapies has the best evidence to support its use in treatment of postpartum depression? 

  • Physical activity   
  • Cognitive behavioural therapy    
  • Telecommunications therapies    
  • Hormonal treatments  
Volume 36.4 - Question 7

Trichomoniasis

Which one of the following statements about trichomoniasis is false?

  • It is the most common non-viral sexually transmitted infection.
  • Vaginal infection is often asymptomatic and can last years.
  • Both penile and vaginal infections should be treated with a seven-day course of metronidazole 500 mg twice per day.
  • Persistent infection should be treated with increased dosing of 2 grams of metronidazole for seven days.
Volume 37.6 - Question 16

Menopause Treatment

Which one of the following statements about menopausal treatment is false?

  • Women treated with levothyroxine and oral estrogen may require lower dosing.
  • Custom-compounded, bioidentical hormones are no more effective than commercially available preparations.
  • In women prescribed estrogen-only systemic hormonal treatment (HT), the risk for breast cancer is lower than combined HT.
  • Gabapentin is associated with a reduction hot flashes.
Volume 37.2 - Question 17

Caffeine in Pregnancy

Caffeine consumption during pregnancy even at levels much lower than the recommended 200 mg per day of caffeine are associated with decreased fetal growth.

  • True
  • False
Volume 37.2 - Question 10

Menopause and Breast Cancer

Which one of the following statements about menopausal hormone replacement therapy (MHT) and breast cancer is false?

  • In women who have had a hysterectomy, conjugated estrogen (CE) alone hormone therapy carries statistically significantly less breast cancer risk than placebo.
  • Combined CE and medroxyprogesterone (MPA) hormone therapy leads to increased risk of breast cancer death.
  • Breast cancer is a contraindication to using MHT.
  • Vaginal estrogen therapy does not increase the risk of breast cancer recurrence.
Volume 37.4 - Question 36

Postpartum Thyroiditis

Which one of the following statements about postpartum thyroiditis is false?

  • It is a painless condition.
  • Recurrence with subsequent pregnancies is rare.
  • Radioactive iodine uptake and scan imaging is contraindicated in patients who are breastfeeding.
  • Tapering of levothyroxine dose around 12 months is recommended.
Volume 37.4 - Question 31

Vasomotor Symptoms in Menopause

Menopausal hormone therapy can be safely initiated in women without contraindications who are less than 10 years post-menopause or younger than 60 years of age.

  • True
  • False
Volume 37.4 - Question 15

Bariatric Surgery and Pregnancy

Which one of the following statements about bariatric surgery and pregnancy is false?

  • It decreases the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus.
  • It is associated with fewer caesarian deliveries.
  • It reduces the risk of preeclampsia.
  • It reduces the risk of postpartum hemorrhage.
Volume 37.4 - Question 9

Contraception

You are working today at a Community Public Health Clinic and seeing various patients with different contraceptive concerns. Your first patient, an 18 year-old female, is at your office today because she is interested in emergency contraception. She had unprotected intercourse last night.  
Volume 38.1 - Question 38

Recurrent Vulvovaginal Candidiasis

For frequent recurrences of vulvovaginal candidiasis, 3 doses of oral fluconazole followed by 6 months of weekly suppressive maintenance therapy has been recommended. 

  • True
  • False
Volume 38.1 - Question 36

Lesions of the Ovary and Fallopian Tube

Which one of the following statements about lesions of the ovary and fallopian tube is false?

  • Transvaginal ultrasound is the imaging modality of choice in the initial workup of adnexal lesions.
  • Biopsy of an adnexal lesion should almost always be avoided.
  • MRI is the test of choice for clinical staging of a known ovarian cancer.
  • Up to 20% of women with metastatic ovarian or tubal cancers have a normal CA-125 level.
Volume 38.2 - Question 4

Hypertension in Pregnancy

In pregnant women with mild chronic hypertension, active treatment with a blood-pressure target of less than 140/90 mm Hg was associated with better pregnancy outcomes than a strategy of no antihypertensive treatment unless the systolic blood pressure was 160 mm Hg or higher or the diastolic pressure was 105 mm Hg or higher.

  • True
  • False
Volume 38.2 - Question 3

Hormonal Replacement Therapy and Carpal Tunnel

Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) is associated with an increased risk for carpal tunnel syndrome in women over 45 years of age.

  • True
  • False
Volume 37.5 - Question 14

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Which one of the following statements regarding Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is false?

  • Menstrual cycle irregularity in the first 3 years post-menarche is uncommon outside of PCOS.
  • Unopposed estrogen increases the risk of endometrial cancer.
  • Pregnant patients with PCOS have an increased risk of gestational diabetes.
  • Screening for cardiovascular disease in this population should follow general population recommendations.
Volume 37.5 - Question 13

Estetrol/Drospirenone

Which one of the following statements about the combination oral contraceptive containing estetrol and drosipirenone is false?

  • Estetrol is the first new estrogen to become available in Canada in 50 years.
  • Estetrol has a shorter half-life than estradiol.
  • Weight gain is one of the most common adverse effects.
  • Women not currently using a hormonal contraceptive should take the first active tablet on the first day of menses.
Volume 37.5 - Question 11

Galactorrhea

Your next patient is 36 years old and new to your family practice. She has noticed a white discharge from her nipples in the last 12 months. She has 3 children: who are 8, 5 and 3 years old. She stopped breastfeeding her youngest child when he was 12 months old and stopped lactating shortly thereafter. She has been taking sertraline for two years for depression.
Volume 38.4 - Question 37

Recurrent Bacterial Vaginosis

A 30-year-old female patient presents to your office with complaints that “I have BV again.” She is requesting treatment for bacterial vaginosis (BV) and expresses her frustration at how frequently this occurs. She would like to know if there is anything that could be done to prevent infection. 
Volume 39.1 - Question 39

Postpartum Hemorrhage

During the active management of the third stage of labour following a vaginal delivery, there is sudden brisk vaginal bleeding, a mass in the vagina, and vasovagal syncope.
Volume 38.3 - Question 41

Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Dementia

Which one of the following statements about the relationship between hormonal replacement therapy and dementia is false? 

  • The use of vaginal estrogen is not associated with increased risk. 
  • Cyclic menopausal estrogen-progestin therapy is associated with decreased risk. 
  • Short-term menopausal estrogen-progestin in women younger than 55 years is associated with increased risk. 
  • Progestin only treatment is not associated with increased risk. 
Volume 39.1 - Question 21

Menopausal Symptoms

Which one of the following statements about treatment of menopausal hot flashes is false? 

  • Estrogen-containing hormone therapy is effective treatment for vasomotor symptoms. 
  • Cognitive behaviour theory is ineffective for short-term reduction of vasomotor symptoms. 
  • Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors may reduce the effectiveness of tamoxifen. 
  • Estrogen-only hormone therapy may reduce breast cancer risk in those with a hysterectomy. 
Volume 39.1 - Question 20

Pelvic Organ Prolapse

Ureteral obstruction occurs in 3-30% of patients with severe untreated pelvic organ prolapse. 

  • True
  • False
Volume 39.1 - Question 19

Vol 39.1 Q14 - Prenatal Care #2

Which one of the following statements about prenatal care is false? 

  • Patients taking folic acid antagonists should take 4 mg of folic acid daily. 
  • Patients should be screened for bacteriuria at the first prenatal visit.  
  • Untreated depression and anxiety-related disorders increase the risk of preterm delivery. 
  • Patients should be screened for intimate partner violence. 
Volume 39.1 - Question 14

Breastfeeding #3

Which one of the following statements about medications during breastfeeding is false?

  • Fluoxetine is preferred over Paroxetine to treat depression.
  • Lorazepam is preferred over clonazepam to treat anxiety.
  • Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors do not pass significantly into breast milk.
  • Metformin is preferred over newer oral medications for diabetes.
Volume 38.3 - Question 9

Induction of Labour

Misoprostol may be used for induction of labour in term pre-labour rupture of membranes.

  • True
  • False
Volume 38.4 - Question 8

Breastfeeding #2

Trimethoprim / Sulfamethoxazole should not be taken by the mother while breastfeeding during the first month postpartum.

  • True
  • False
Volume 38.3 - Question 8

Breastfeeding #1

Which one of the following statements about medications during breastfeeding is false?

  • Topical medications are generally safer than oral medications.
  • Administer single daily-dose medication after breastfeeding and just before the longest sleep interval for the infant to minimize infant exposure to maternal medication.
  • The LactMed database is a peer-reviewed online resource that can be helpful.
  • Long-term use of naproxen is preferred over ibuprofen for analgesia during lactation.
Volume 38.3 - Question 7

Primary Ovarian Insufficiency

Which one of the following statements about primary ovarian insufficiency is false?

  • Laboratory evaluation includes thyrotropin levels.
  • If a first-degree relative is affected, the likelihood of a genetic disorder is increased by a factor of 6 to 12.
  • Autoimmune disorders account for about one-third of cases.
  • Ongoing contraception is recommended if pregnancy is not desired.
Volume 38.3 - Question 4

Management of Epilepsy During Pregnancy and Lactation

Which one of the following statements regarding the management of epilepsy during pregnancy and lactation is false?

  • Rates of successful pregnancy in women with epilepsy are generally comparable with other women.
  • Valproate has the highest risk of major congenital malformations.
  • Levetiracetam and lamotrigine have the lowest risk of major congenital malformations.
  • Breastfeeding in women with epilepsy is not recommended.
Volume 39.2 - Question 29

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

Which one of the following statements about pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is false?

  • A negative endocervical culture excludes the diagnosis.
  • Women with a history of PID should be seen early in pregnancy to confirm an intrauterine location.
  • Endocervical swabs are preferred for diagnosis versus first void urine.
  • Approximately 18% of women with a history of PID will report infertility.
Volume 39.2 - Question 28

Vaginal Estrogen in Breast Cancer Survivors

In women with a history of breast cancer, use of vaginal estrogen to treat genitourinary syndrome of menopause does not increase breast cancer recurrence within 5 years.

  • True
  • False
Volume 39.2 - Question 27

Postcoital Bleeding

Which one of the following statements about patients presenting with postcoital bleeding is false?

  • Transvaginal ultrasonography is indicated if no cause is identified on physical examination.
  • Women with cervical ectropion require referral to gynecology.
  • Postcoital bleeding is attributable to cervical cancer in 3%–5% of affected patients.
  • Endometrial biopsy is recommended in patients older than 40 years.
Volume 39.2 - Question 10

Nonpharmacologic Treatments for Menopause

All of the following treatments have been shown to be effective for vasomotor symptoms of menopause except:

  • Cognitive behavior therapy
  • Clinical hypnosis
  • Yoga
  • Black cohosh
Volume 39.2 - Question 8

NSAID and Emergency Contraception

Oral piroxicam 40 mg co-administered with levonorgestrel improved efficacy of emergency contraception.

  • True
  • False
Volume 39.2 - Question 2

Prenatal Care #1

Which one of the following statements about prenatal care is false?

  • Initiating low dose-aspirin (81 mg daily) starting at 12 weeks should be considered in patients diagnosed with COVID-19 in pregnancy. 
  • Chronic hypertension (hypertension before 20 weeks) should be treated to less than 140/90 mm Hg. 
  • Screening for thyroid disorders has been shown to improve pregnancy outcomes.  
  • Patients at risk of preeclampsia should be started on prophylactic low-dose aspirin (81 mg) between 12 and 16 weeks. 
Volume 39.1 - Question 13

Venous Thromboembolism with Use of Hormonal Contraception

In women using high or medium risk hormonal contraception, concomitant use of NSAIDs for 1 week is associated with an increase in the risk of venous thromboembolic events.   

  • True
  • False
Volume 39.1 - Question 3

Recurrent Bacterial Vaginosis

A 30-year-old female patient presents to your office with complaints that “I have BV again.” She is requesting treatment for bacterial vaginosis (BV) and expresses her frustration at how frequently this occurs. She would like to know if there is anything that could be done to prevent infection. 
Volume 39.1 - Question 39

Postcoital Bleeding

In patients with postcoital bleeding, transvaginal ultrasonography is indicated in the patients who have no identified cause on physical examination.

  • True
  • False
Volume 39.1 - Question 1

Short-Term Adverse Outcomes After Mifepristone-Misoprostol

Which one of the following statements regarding oral mifepristone combined with misoprostol for first-trimester pharmaceutical induced abortion is false?

  • The combination has an efficacy of about 97%.
  • There is an ongoing pregnancy rate of less than 1% when used before 10 weeks gestation.
  • There is an ongoing pregnancy rate of about 10% when used after 10 weeks gestation.
  • Short-term adverse events are more likely after mifepristone–misoprostol induced abortion than procedural induced abortion.
Volume 38.6 - Question 29

Anticholinergic Drugs for Overactive Bladder

Which one of the following statements about anticholinergic drugs for overactive bladder is false?

  • Extended-release formulations cause less dry mouth than immediate-release formulations.
  • Patients who experience intolerable side effects with one anticholinergic drug do not benefit from switching to another.
  • Solifenacin is selective for M3 muscarinic receptors.
  • Long-term use of anticholinergic drugs has been associated with a dose-related increase in the risk of dementia.
Volume 38.6 - Question 28

Drugs for Overactive Bladder

Which one of the following statements about drugs for overactive bladder is false.

  • Anticholinergic drugs are better tolerated than beta-3 agonists.
  • Coadministration of a beta-3 agonist and an anticholinergic drug can increase the risk of urinary retention.
  • Use of an anticholinergic drug and a beta-3 agonist may be more effective than either drug alone.
  • Tadalafil may improve urinary symptoms in women with overactive bladder.
Volume 38.6 - Question 27

Menstrual Cups

Which one of the following statements regarding menstrual cups is false?

  • They can be inserted for up to 12 hours at a time.
  • There is no risk of toxic shock syndrome.
  • Bacterial vaginosis may be less common than with a sanitary pad or tampon.
  • Dislodgement of intrauterine devices has been reported with their use.
Volume 38.6 - Question 15

Progestin-Only Oral Contraceptives

Which one of the following statements about progestin-only oral contraceptives is false?

  • They are less effective than combination oral contraceptives.
  • They are used predominantly when estrogen is contraindicated.
  • Backup contraception is recommended for women who start treatment > 5 days after menses onset.
  • They have been associated with a risk of developing breast cancer.
Volume 38.6 - Question 8

Oral Contraceptives

Which one of the following statements about combination oral contraceptives is false?

  • Formulations that contain ≤ 20 mcg of ethinyl estradiol are less effective than those containing higher doses.
  • Those that contain drospirenone have been shown to improve premenstrual dysphoric disorder symptoms.
  • Those that contain drospirenone rarely cause hyperkalemia.
  • The risk of venous thromboembolism may be lower with those that contain estetrol than with those containing ethinyl estradiol.
Volume 38.6 - Question 7

PCOS Comorbidities

Patients with polycystic ovary syndrome have routine screening for the following comorbidities except:

  • Depression
  • Hypertension
  • Obstructive sleep apnea
  • Endometrial cancer
Volume 38.6 - Question 6

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Which one of the following statements about polycystic ovary syndrome is false?

  • It is the most common endocrinopathy affecting women of childbearing age.
  • Patients may be asymptomatic.
  • The diagnosis in adolescents requires the presence of both oligoanovulation and hyperandrogenism for at least two years postmenarche.
  • Ultrasound findings are recommended as a diagnostic criterion in adolescents.
Volume 38.6 - Question 5

Lactational Mastitis

Which one of the following statements regarding lactational mastitis is false?

  • Keeping the breast empty of milk is recommended during conservative management.
  • Antibiotics are advised if there is no improvement within 24 to 48 hours of conservative management.
  • Fluctuant masses should be evaluated with ultrasound.
  • Inflammatory breast cancer should be considered as a potential diagnosis in patients with persistent mastitis.
Volume 38.5 - Question 40

Postpartum IUD Placement

There is no difference in complete expulsion rates of IUDs between early (2-4 weeks) and standard (6-8 weeks) postpartum timing of placement.

  • True
  • False
Volume 38.5 - Question 21

IUDs in Canada

Which one of the following statements about intrauterine devices (IUDs) is false?

  • They may reduce the risk of cervical cancer.
  • Their presence increases the risk of pelvic inflammatory disease.
  • Systemic levonorgestrel exposure is significantly lower with hormonal IUDs than with oral formulations.
  • Fertility returns rapidly upon removal.
Volume 38.5 - Question 20

Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes

 Which one of the following statements regarding adverse pregnancy outcomes and long term risk of ischemic heart disease is false?

  • Preterm delivery is not associated with increased risk after delivery.
  • Small for gestational age is associated with increased risk after delivery.
  • Gestational diabetes is associated with increased risk after delivery.
  • The association between hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and increased risk is driven by new onset hypertension during pregnancy.
Volume 38.5 - Question 18

Antenatal Care in Refugee Patients

Among resettled refugees in Canada, those in the government-assisted pathway were more likely to receive adequate prenatal care than privately sponsored refugees.

  • True
  • False
Volume 38.5 - Question 14

Back to Previous Page

Unlock this answer and more.


Access to answers, detailed explanations and CPD credits is exclusively for Self Learning subscribers



Become a Subscriber

Existing user? Log In Here