Vitamin B12 Deficiency
A 23-year-old female patient is at the office today complaining of fatigue, brain fog, depressed mood, and mood swings. She is a vegetarian. You suspect that she has Vitamin B12 deficiency.
Nutritional
Elevated Vitamin B12 Levels
Which one of the following statements about elevated Vitamin B12 levels is false?
- Less than 5% of individuals have elevated vitamin B12
- Persistently elevated levels have been associated with an increased incidence of solid cancer, specifically liver, kidney, lung, breast, and gastrointestinal cancers.
- Patients are at increased risk of hematologic disorders such as chronic myeloid leukemia, polycythemia vera, and myeloproliferative syndromes.
- A repeat test should be performed to confirm persistent elevation.
Volume 41.1 - Question 29
Nasty Fries
Increased intake of French fries is associated with a higher risk of type 2 diabetes.
- True
- False
Volume 41.1 - Question 27
Diagnosis and Management of Eosinophilic Esophagitis
Your patient, a 42 year-old male, presented in the clinic with recurrent difficulty swallowing. IMPACT behaviors can help to identify dysphagia.
Volume 40.5 - Question 35
Dietary Fats
Consumption of fatty (but not lean) fish is associated with increased risk for coronary heart disease.
- True
- False
Volume 40.3 - Question 5
Food Allergies
A 30-year-old mother is at your office today because she suspects her 4 year-old daughter has food allergies. Her daughter experiences wheezing, diarrhea, and hives when she eats shellfish.
Volume 40.21 - Question 9
Xylitol
Consumption of xylitol (an artificial sweetener) can enhance platelet reactivity and increase thrombosis potential.
- True
- False
Volume 40.2 - Question 35
Caffeine and Cardiometabolic Multimorbidity
Habitual coffee or caffeine intake, especially at a moderate level, is associated with a lower risk of new onset cardiometabolic multimorbidity.
- True
- False
Volume 40.1 - Question 36
Energy and Macronutrients Across the Life Span
Which one of the following statements on energy and macronutrients across the life span is false?
- Suboptimal diets contribute to one in five deaths worldwide.
- Reducing intake of sodium to the level of <2300 mg a day is associated with a decreased risk of hypertension.
- Plant proteins are usually deficient in one more indispensable amino acids.
- Cholesterol is an essential dietary lipid.
Volume 39.6 - Question 7
Coffee Consumption
High coffee consumption is associated with a reduction in each of the following, except:
- All-cause mortality
- Digestive disease mortality
- Ovarian cancer mortality
- Circulatory disease mortality in women
Volume 35.61 - Question 8
Twin Study of Vegan Diet
Which one of the following statements about the short-term (8 weeks) cardiometabolic and nutritional effects of omnivorous vs vegan diets in identical twins is false?
- Fasting insulin levels are decreased in the omnivorous diet group.
- Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations are higher in the omnivorous diet group.
- Body weight decreases in the vegan diet group. Vitamin B12 levels are comparable in the two groups.
- Vitamin B12 levels are comparable in the two groups.
Volume 39.4 - Question 5
Calcium Intake in Aged Care Residents
Using dairy foods to improve calcium and protein intake in aged care residents reduces each of the following except:
- Overall fracture risk
- Hip fracture risk
- Risk of falls
- Overall mortality
Volume 38.21 - Question 12
Nutrition for Osteoporosis Prevention
For people who are consuming a balanced diet and not receiving pharmacotherapy for osteoporosis, supplementation with calcium, vitamin D and protein is likely to have little to no effect on fractures.
- True
- False
Volume 39.3 - Question 16
Pediatric Allergy Prevention
For infants at high risk of developing food allergies whose mothers cannot or choose not to breastfeed, hydrolyzed formulas are recommended to prevent food allergies.
- True
- False
Volume 37.3 - Question 7
Sodium Intake and Heart Failure
In ambulatory patients with heart failure, a strategy to reduce dietary sodium intake to less than 1500 mg daily is significantly more effective than usual care in reducing the risk of the composite outcome of hospitalisation or emergency department visits due to cardiovascular causes or all-cause death.
- True
- False
Volume 37.6 - Question 25
High Fat Low Carb Diet in Diabetes
Which one of the following statements is false regarding patients with type 2 diabetes who follow a high fat, low carbohydrate diet for 6 months compared to those who follow a standard diet for 6 months?
- They experience a greater decrease in HbA1C.
- They experience a greater decrease in waist circumference.
- They lose more weight.
- Their lipid levels increase.
Volume 37.6 - Question 23
Coffee Consumption and Prostate Cancer
Higher coffee consumption is significantly associated with a reduced risk of prostate cancer.
- True
- False
Volume 36.4 - Question 40
Prevention of Depression with Vitamin D
In adults aged 50 years and older vitamin D supplementation (2000 IU/d) reduces the incidence of depression.
- True
- False
Volume 36.2 - Question 15
Prenatal Diet
Which one of the following statements about prenatal diet is false?
- Vitamin D plays a role in bone development.
- The recommended daily calcium intake is 1,000 mg for people 19 years and older.
- Consuming two servings per week of fish with high levels of omega-3 fatty acids is recommended.
- Neonatal outcomes in vegetarians are generally worse than in omnivores.
Volume 36.2 - Question 5
Caffeine Consumption and Health
Which one of the following statements about the associations between coffee, caffeine, and health is true?
- Caffeinated coffee has a substantial effect on blood pressure.
- Studies show an association between caffeine and atrial fibrillation.
- Habitual caffeine consumption has been associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes.
- Consumption of two to five standard cups of coffee per day is associated with reduced mortality.
Volume 36.1 - Question 24
Salt Handling and Blood Pressure
High potassium intake lowers blood pressure but does not change salt sensitivity.
- True
- False
Volume 37.4 - Question 6
Calcium Intake in Aged Care Residents
Using dairy foods to improve calcium and protein intake in aged care residents reduces each of the following except:
- Overall fracture risk
- Hip fracture risk
- Risk of falls
- Overall mortality
Volume 37.4 - Question 4
Vitamin D Supplementation
Vitamin D supplementation is associated with a significantly lower incidence of confirmed autoimmune disease.
- True
- False
Volume 38.1 - Question 24
Artificial Sweeteners
Which one of the following statements about artificial sweeteners is false?
- Higher consumers have a lower BMI.
- Total intake is associated with a higher cardiovascular disease risk.
- Aspartame is associated with an increased risk of cerebrovascular events.
- Sucralose is associated with an increased risk of coronary artery disease.
Volume 38.1 - Question 23
Sodium Restriction in Heart Failure
In ambulatory patients with heart failure, a dietary intervention to reduce sodium intake reduces hospitalization.
- True
- False
Volume 38.2 - Question 25
Bedtime Snacks and Type 2 Diabetes
In individuals with Type 2 diabetes, consuming a bedtime snack, vs no-snack has has not been shown to improve fasting glucose concentrations.
- True
- False
Volume 38.2 - Question 15
Time Restricted Eating
Caloric restriction with or without time-restricted eating results in about the same degree of weight loss.
- True
- False
Volume 37.5 - Question 34
Mediterranean vs Low-Fat Diet and CVD
In secondary prevention, the Mediterranean diet is superior to the low-fat diet in preventing major cardiovascular events.
- True
- False
Volume 37.5 - Question 16
Family Meals and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
In families at high risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus, which one of the following statements is false?
- After controlling for frequency of family meals, there is no association between parental diet quality and children’s food consumption.
- Increased family meal frequency is associated with improved parental diet quality.
- There is a significant association between family meal frequency and children’s food consumption of selected food items.
- Diet quality of parents is negatively associated with the intake of salty snacks in both boys and girls.
Volume 38.1 - Question 5
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
In primary care IBS patients, the use of a FODMAP-lowering diet application is superior to a spasmolytic agent in improving IBS symptoms.
- True
- False
Volume 38.4 - Question 29
Liver Disease and Diet
In postmenopausal women, there is a statistically significant association between increased sugar-sweetened beverage intake and chronic liver disease mortality.
- True
- False
Volume 39.1 - Question 35
The MIND Diet to Prevent Cognitive Decline
The Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (the MIND diet) slows cognitive decline in cognitively unimpaired elderly adults with a family history of dementia.
- True
- False
Volume 39.1 - Question 22
Timing of Meals and Weight Loss Trajectory
When counseling patients about weight gain prevention, limiting the frequency of large meals is more beneficial than time-restricted eating.
- True
- False
Volume 38.3 - Question 24
Food Allergies
A 30-year-old mother is at your office today because she suspects her 4 year-old daughter has food allergies. Her daughter experiences wheezing, diarrhea, and hives when she eats shellfish.
Volume 39.2 - Question 43
Fruit and Vegetable Prescriptions
Fruit and vegetable prescription programs provided to individuals at metabolic risk who are from low-income neighborhoods or are food insecure, improves all of the following except:
- Blood pressure in hypertensive adults.
- HbA1C in individuals with HbA1C ≥ 6.5%.
- BMI in overweight and obese adults.
- BMI in children.
Volume 39.2 - Question 37
Time-Restricted Eating
In patients with a BMI between 30 and 50 kg/m2, time-restricted eating without calorie counting is as effective as a weight loss strategy as calorie counting.
- True
- False
Volume 39.2 - Question 4
Consumption of Coffee
Moderate consumption of coffee is associated with a reduced risk of cognitive disorders.
- True
- False
Volume 39.2 - Question 3
Caffeinated Coffee Consumption and Premature Atrial Contractions
Caffeinated-coffee consumption compared to caffeinated-coffee avoidance results in significantly more atrial premature contractions in healthy subjects.
- True
- False
Volume 38.5 - Question 33
Diet for Patients with Diabetes and Pre-Diabetes
Which one of the following statements about optimal diets for patients with diabetes and pre-diabetes is false?
- Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) improved significantly on both Well-formulated Ketogenic Diet (WFKD) and Mediterranean-Plus Diet (Med-Plus).
- WFDK significantly lowers LDL-cholesterol.
- There is insufficient benefit to justify avoiding legumes, whole fruits, and whole grains to achieve the metabolic state of ketosis.
- Clinicians should allow patients to make an informed choice about their diet.
Volume 38.5 - Question 32
Dietary Sugar Consumption and Health
Reducing the consumption of free sugars or added sugars to below 25 g/day (approximately 6 teaspoons/day) and limiting the consumption of sugar sweetened beverages to less than one serving/week (approximately 200-355 mL/ week) are recommended to reduce the adverse effect of sugars on health.
- True
- False