Endocrinology

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Testosterone Supplementation

Which one of the following statements concerning testosterone supplementation is false?

  • It has no consistent, meaningful impact on sexual function.
  • It does not increase prostate events.
  • It increases myocardial infarction risk.
  • Before supplementing, the best initial test is total testosterone from blood drawn in the morning.
Volume 41.1 - Question 34

Nasty Fries

Increased intake of French fries is associated with a higher risk of type 2 diabetes.

  • True
  • False
Volume 41.1 - Question 27

Automated Insulin Delivery

Automated insulin delivery in patients with insulin treated type 2 diabetes is associated with a greater reduction in glycated hemoglobin levels than continuous glucose monitoring alone.

  • True
  • False
Volume 40.6 - Question 28

Intensive Blood Pressure Control in Type 2 Diabetes

Among patients with type 2 diabetes, elevated systolic blood pressure, and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, the incidence of major cardiovascular events is significantly lower with intensive treatment targeting a systolic blood pressure of less than 120 mm Hg than with standard treatment targeting a systolic blood pressure of less than 140 mm Hg.

  • True
  • False
Volume 40.6 - Question 27

Tirzepatide for Obesity

Three years of treatment with tirzepatide in persons with obesity and prediabetes results in a markedly lower risk of progression to type 2 diabetes.

  • True
  • False
Volume 40.6 - Question 18

Oral Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in High-Risk Type 2 Diabetes

Which one of the following statements about oral semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with high-risk type 2 diabetes is false?

  • Among patients with atherosclerotic heart disease, it is associated with a significantly lower risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE).
  • Among patients with chronic kidney disease, it is associated with a significantly lower risk of MACE.
  • There is no increase in the incidence of major kidney disease events.
  • The incidence of gastrointestinal disorders is double that seen with placebo.
Volume 40.5 - Question 30

SGLT2s in SLE and Type 2 Diabetes

The use of Sodium Glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors in patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Type 2 Diabetes is associated with reduction in the risk of Lupus nephritis.

  • True
  • False
Volume 40.1 - Question 25

Low Dose Colchicine

Among patients with type 2 diabetes and a recent myocardial infarction, colchicine 0.5 mg daily reduces the relative risk of further major cardiovascular events by more than 25%.

  • True
  • False
Volume 39.6 - Question 1

Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Type 1 Diabetes

Which one of the following statements about prevention of cardiovascular disease in type 1 diabetes is false?   

  • Levels of glycated hemoglobin are closely correlated with the risk of adverse cardiovascular outcomes.   
  • Statin use is consistently recommended.   
  • GLP-1 receptor agonists have not been specifically studied in patients with type 1 diabetes.   
  • Persons with type 1 diabetes are at greater risk of cardiovascular disease than the general population. 
Volume 39.5 - Question 37

Hirsutism

Volume 39.4 - Question 43

Cystic Fibrosis

Which one of the following statements about cystic fibrosis is false? 

  • Pancreatic insufficiency occurs in over 80% of patients.   
  • Diabetes affects approximately one quarter of patients older than 30 years of age.   
  • Noncirrhotic portal hypertension without synthetic liver dysfunction is common.   
  • Median age of survival remains <50 years in Canada. 
Volume 39.4 - Question 35

Management of Osteoporosis

Which one of the following statements regarding the management of osteoporosis is false?

  • Taking oral bisphosphonates for 5 years or more, compared with shorter durations, likely results in no difference in hip or overall fractures.
  • After 6 years of treatment with bisphosphonates there are more atypical femur fractures compared with 3-5 years of treatment.
  • The risk of osteonecrosis of the jaw with the use of bisphosphonates approximately doubles with use longer than 5 years.
  • Evidence suggests that the benefits of denosumab wane at 10 years of therapy.
Volume 39.3 - Question 17

Blood pressure lowering and diabetes prevention

Which one of the following antihypertensive medication classes is associated with a reduced risk of developing new onset type 2 diabetes mellitus?

  • Angiotension converting enzyme inhibitors
  • Beta-blockers
  • Thiazide diuretics
  • Calcium channel blockers
Volume 37.3 - Question 14

Adrenal Incidentaloma

Which one of the following statements about adrenal incidentaloma is false?   

  • Most are nonfunctioning cortical adenomas.  
  • Mild autonomous cortisol excess is the least common functional disorder.  
  • Primary hyperaldosteronism should be considered if the patient has hypertension.   
  • Adrenocortical carcinoma may be nonfunctioning.
Volume 36.6 - Question 34

Treatment of Osteoporosis with Denosumab

Which one of the following statements about denosumab treatment for osteoporosis is false?

  • It is important to correct severe vitamin D deficiency before treatment.
  • Denosumab should not be used in patients with an eGFR of less than 30 mL/min.
  • Treatment effects have a rapid offset following discontinuation of denosumab.
  • There is an increased risk of vertebral fractures in the 12 months after the drug is discontinued
Volume 37.6 - Question 32

Treatment of Osteoporosis

Which one of the following statements about osteoporosis prevention and treatment is false?

  • Vitamin D supplementation greater than 1000 units per day can accelerate bone loss.
  • Calcium supplements in community-dwelling adults prevent fractures.
  • An acute phase response (flu-like illness) occurs in about a third of patients receiving their first intravenous bisphosphonate treatment.
  • A 1-to-2-year drug holiday should be considered after 5 years of treatment with alendronate.
Volume 37.6 - Question 31

Hypokalemia

Which one of the following statements about hypokalemia is false? 

  • Pseudohypokalemia is uncommon.    
  • Mild hypokalemia is associated with increased rates of all-cause mortality.   
  • Low dietary potassium is a common cause of hypokalemia.    
  • Primary aldosteronism should be considered in presentations of hypokalemia after initiating a diuretic for hypertension.  
Volume 36.5 - Question 32

Hyponatremia

In patients with hyponatremia due to the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis, adding furosemide to fluid restriction improves day 4 serum sodium levels. 

  • True
  • False
Volume 36.4 - Question 39

Lowering LDL Cholesterol in Older Patients

For patients aged 75 years old or older, lowering lipids is as effective in reducing cardiovascular disease as it is in younger patients.  

  • True
  • False
Volume 36.4 - Question 38

Statin Treatment 

Which one of the following statements about choosing statin treatment is false? 

  • Atorvastatin is associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes.   
  • HIV patients receiving treatment with protease inhibitors should avoid using lovastatin.   
  • Rosuvastatin is associated with a decrease in proteinuria.   
  • When using immunosuppressants concomitantly with statins, simvastatin should be avoided. 
Volume 36.4 - Question 22

SGLT-2 Inhibitors and Diabetic Ketoacidosis

Compared to DPP-4 inhibitors, SGLT-2 inhibitors are associated with an almost 3-fold increased risk for diabetic ketoacidosis. 

  • True
  • False
Volume 36.3 - Question 34

Fractures and Bisphosphonates

Which one of the following statements about the use of bisphosphonates is false? 

  • There is a higher risk of atypical femur fracture among Asians compared with Whites.   
  • The risk of atypical femur fracture increases with longer duration of bisphosphonate use.   
  • The absolute risk of atypical femur fracture is similar to the risk of other osteoporotic fractures when using bisphosphonates.   
  • The risk of atypical femur fracture decreases with discontinuation.  
Volume 36.2 - Question 38

Evaluation and Management of Thyroid Nodules

Which one of the following statements about thyroid nodules is false? 

  • Most thyroid nodules are benign.   
  • Patients with Graves’ disease who have hypofunctioning nodules have a higher prevalence of papillary thyroid cancer.   
  • Hyperfunctioning nodules require fine needle aspiration (FNA).   
  • FNA should not be performed on nodules smaller than 1 cm. 
Volume 36.2 - Question 36

Type 2 Diabetes

Which one of the following statements about Type 2 Diabetes treatment is false? 

  • In drug-naive patients at low cardiovascular risk, no medications improve cardio-vascular outcomes.     
  • When used as an add-on to metformin-based therapy, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists are the most efficacious in reducing hemoglobin A1c level.   
  • In patients at increased cardiovascular risk receiving metformin-based background therapy, the addition of oral liraglutide reduces all-cause mortality.   
  • Subcutaneous semaglutide has no effect on the odds of stroke. 
Volume 36.2 - Question 22

Empagliflozin for Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction

Empagliflozin reduces the risk of primary composite outcome events (death from cardiovascular causes or hospitalization for heart failure) in patients with heart failure with a preserved ejection fraction with or without diabetes.

  • True
  • False
Volume 37.2 - Question 5

Time Restricted Eating

Caloric restriction with or without time-restricted eating results in about the same degree of weight loss.

  • True
  • False
Volume 37.5 - Question 34

Hidradenitis Suppurativa

There is a 3-fold greater risk of polycystic ovarian syndrome in patients with hidradenitis suppurativa.

  • True
  • False
Volume 38.4 - Question 31

COPD and Drugs for Diabetes

In patients with COPD and type 2 diabetes, SGLT-2 inhibitors, compared to sulfonylureas, are associated with a reduced risk of severe COPD exacerbations.

  • True
  • False
Volume 38.4 - Question 30

Pre-diabetes and Atrial Fibrillation

In patients with atrial fibrillation, those who remain pre-diabetic have a lower risk of developing congestive heart failure compared to those who progress to diabetes at 2 years.

  • True
  • False
Volume 38.4 - Question 28

Continuous Glucose Monitor

In adults with insulin-treated type two diabetes, the use of a continuous glucose monitor, lowers time in hypoglycemia.   

  • True
  • False
Volume 39.1 - Question 34

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